	CS 635 Advanced Object-Oriented Design & Programming Spring Semester, 2002 Decorator, Chain of Responsibility, OO Recursion
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References
Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software , Gamma, Helm, Johnson, Vlissides, Addison-Wesley, 1995, pp. 175-184, 223-232

The Design Patterns Smalltalk Companion, Alpert, Brown, Woolf, 1998, pp. 161-178, 225-244


Doc 15, Decorator, Chain of Responsibility, OO Recursion Slide # 2

Decorator

Changing the Skin of an Object

Class Structure

Runtime Structure


Doc 15, Decorator, Chain of Responsibility, OO Recursion Slide # 3

Motivation - Text Views

A text view has the following features:

side scroll bar
Bottom scroll bar
3D border
Flat border

This gives 12 different options:

TextView
TextViewWithNoBorder&SideScrollbar
TextViewWithNoBorder&BottomScrollbar
TextViewWithNoBorder&Bottom&SideScrollbar
TextViewWith3DBorder
TextViewWith3DBorder&SideScrollbar
TextViewWith3DBorder&BottomScrollbar
TextViewWith3DBorder&Bottom&SideScrollbar
TextViewWithFlatBorder
TextViewWithFlatBorder&SideScrollbar
TextViewWithFlatBorder&BottomScrollbar
TextViewWithFlatBorder&Bottom&SideScrollbar

How to implement?


Doc 15, Decorator, Chain of Responsibility, OO Recursion Slide # 4

Solution 1 - Use Object Composition

class TextView {
   Border myBorder;
   ScrollBar verticalBar;
   ScrollBar horizontalBar;
   
   public  void draw() {
      myBorder.draw();
      verticalBar.draw();
      horizontalBar.draw();
      code to draw self
   }   
   etc.
}

But TextView knows about all the variations!
New type of variations require changing TextView
(and any other type of view we have)


Doc 15, Decorator, Chain of Responsibility, OO Recursion Slide # 5

Solution 2 - Use Decorator
Object Composition Inside out
Change the skin of an object not it guts
TextView has no borders or scrollbars!
Add borders and scrollbars on top of a TextView

Runtime Structure


Doc 15, Decorator, Chain of Responsibility, OO Recursion Slide # 6

Applicability

Use Decorator:

To add responsibilities to individual objects dynamically and transparently

For responsibilities that can be withdrawn

When subclassing is impractical - may lead to too many subclasses

Commonly used in basic system frameworks

Windows, streams, fonts

Consequences

More flexible than static inheritance

Avoids feature laden classes high up in hierarchy

Lots of little objects

A decorator and its components are not identical

So checking object identification can cause problems

   if ( aComponent instanceof TextView ) blah


Doc 15, Decorator, Chain of Responsibility, OO Recursion Slide # 7

Implementation Issues

Keep Decorators lightweight

Don't put data members in VisualComponent

Have Decorator forward all component operations

Three ways to forward messages

Simple forward
Extended forward
Override


Doc 15, Decorator, Chain of Responsibility, OO Recursion Slide # 8

Examples

Java Streams

import java.io.*;
import sdsu.io.*;
class  ReadingFileExample
   {
   public  static  void  main( String  args[]  ) throws Exception
      {
      FileInputStream inputFile;
      BufferedInputStream bufferedFile;
      ASCIIInputStream  cin;
         
      inputFile = new FileInputStream( "ReadingFileExample.java" );
      bufferedFile = new BufferedInputStream( inputFile );
      cin = new ASCIIInputStream( bufferedFile );
   
      System.out.println(  cin.readWord()  );
   
      for  ( int  k = 1 ;  k  <  4;  k++ )
         System.out.println(  cin.readLine()  );
      }
   }
Doc 15, Decorator, Chain of Responsibility, OO Recursion Slide # 9

Insurance
Insurance policies have payment caps for claims

Sometimes the people with the same policy will have different caps

A decorator can be used to provide different caps on the same policy object

Similarly for deductibles & copayments


Doc 15, Decorator, Chain of Responsibility, OO Recursion Slide # 10

Chain of Responsibility

Intent

Avoid coupling the sender of a request to its receiver by giving more than one object a chance to handle the request. Chain the receiving objects and pass the request along the chain until an object handles it.

Class Structure

Sample Object Structure


Doc 15, Decorator, Chain of Responsibility, OO Recursion Slide # 11

Participants

Handler

Defines the interface for handling the requests

May implement the successor link

ConcreteHandler

Handles requests it is responsible for

Can access its successor

Handles the request if it can do so, otherwise it forwards the request to its successor

Consequences

Reduced coupling

Added flexibility in assigning responsibilities to objects

Not guaranteed that request will be handled


Doc 15, Decorator, Chain of Responsibility, OO Recursion Slide # 12

Motivation

Context Help System


Doc 15, Decorator, Chain of Responsibility, OO Recursion Slide # 13

When to Use

When more than on object may handle a request, and the handler isn't known a priori

When you want to issue a request to one of several objects without specifying the receiver explicitly

When the set of objects that can handle a request should be specified dynamically


Doc 15, Decorator, Chain of Responsibility, OO Recursion Slide # 14

How does this differ from Decorator?


Doc 15, Decorator, Chain of Responsibility, OO Recursion Slide # 15

Chain of Command
Like the military

A request is made
It goes up the chain of command until someone has the authority to answer the request


Doc 15, Decorator, Chain of Responsibility, OO Recursion Slide # 16

Implementation Issues

The successor chain

Use existing links in the program

The concrete handlers may already have pointers to their successors, so just use them

Define new links

Give each handler a link to its successor


Doc 15, Decorator, Chain of Responsibility, OO Recursion Slide # 17

Representing Requests

Each request can be a hard-coded

abstract class HardCodedHandler
   {
   private HardCodedHandler successor;
      
   public HardCodedHandler( HardCodedHandler aSuccessor)
      { successor = aSuccessor; }
      
   public void handleOpen()
      { successor.handleOpen(); }
      
   public void handleClose()
      { successor.handleClose(); }
      
   public void handleNew( String fileName)
      { successor.handleClose( fileName ); }
   }


Doc 15, Decorator, Chain of Responsibility, OO Recursion Slide # 18

Representing Requests

A single method implements all requests

abstract class SingleHandler {
   private SingleHandler successor;
      
   public SingleHandler( SingleHandler aSuccessor) {
      successor = aSuccessor;
   }
      
   public void handle( String request) {
      successor.handle( request );
   }
}
      
class ConcreteOpenHandler extends SingleHandler {
   public void handle( String request) {
      switch ( request ) {
         case "Open" : do the right thing;
         case "Close" : more right things;
         case "New" : even more right things;
         default: successor.handle( request );
      }
   }
}
Doc 15, Decorator, Chain of Responsibility, OO Recursion Slide # 19

Representing Requests

Single handle method with Request Object for parameters

abstract class SingleHandler {
   private SingleHandler successor;
      
   public SingleHandler( SingleHandler aSuccessor)
      {successor = aSuccessor; }
      
   public void handle( Request data)
      { successor.handle( data ); }
}
      
class ConcreteOpenHandler extends SingleHandler {
   public void handle( Open data)
      { // handle the open here }
}
   
class Request {
   private int size;
   private String name;
   public Request( int mySize, String myName)
      { size = mySize;  name = myName; }
   
   public int size() { return size; }
   public String name() { return name;}
}
   
class Open extends Request
   {// add Open specific stuff here}
   
class Close extends Request
   { // add Close specific stuff here}


Doc 15, Decorator, Chain of Responsibility, OO Recursion Slide # 20

Object-Oriented Recursion

Recursive Delegation
A method polymorphically sends its message to a different receiver

Eventually a method is called that performs the task

The recursion then unwinds back to the original message send


Doc 15, Decorator, Chain of Responsibility, OO Recursion Slide # 21

Example

class BinarySearchTree {
   Node root
   
   boolean containsKey( Object key ) {
      return root.containsKey(key);
   }
   
   String toString() {
      return "Tree( " + root.toString() + ")";
   }
   blah
}
Doc 15, Decorator, Chain of Responsibility, OO Recursion Slide # 22

Example Continued

class BinaryNode implements Node {
   Node left;
   Node right;
   Object key;
   Object value;
   
   boolean containsKey( Object key ) {
      if this.key == key
         return true;
      if this.key < key
         return right.containsKey(key);
      if this.key > key
         return left.containsKey( key);
   }
   
   String toString() {
      return "( " + left.toString() + key + right.toString() + ")";
   }
   blah
}
class NullNode implements Node {
   
   boolean containsKey( Object key ) {
      return false;
   }
   
   String toString() {
      return " ";
   }
   blah
}

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